In addition to setting up virtual devices, it is possible to set up physical devices. These devices can be accessed after they have been appropriately configured for debugging.

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Install the appropriate device drivers for the devices you would like to use. Details of how to do this can be found at the Android Developer Website here: http://developer.android.com/sdk/win-usb.html

The relevant device must be set to debug mode, once the necessary drivers are installed. To enable debug mode, please see your manufactures recommend instructions for doing so. An example for a Galaxy S3 running Android 4.1.1 is-

1) Go to Settings> About> Software Information> More

2. Now Scroll onto Build Number and tap it 7 times repeatedly. After tapping the build number 5 times you’ll see a message “Press it two more times to be a developer!” and after tapping 7 times you’ll see message “You are now a developer” or “Developer mode has been enabled”

3) Navigate to Settings> Developer options

4) Check option for Android Debugging

Starting in Android 8.0, Android devices use randomized MAC addresses when probingfor new networks while not currently associated with a network. In Android9, you can enable a developer option (it'sdisabled by default) to cause the device to use a randomized MAC addresswhen connecting to a Wi-Fi network.

In Android 10, MAC randomization is enabled by defaultfor client mode, SoftAp, and Wi-Fi Direct.

MAC randomization prevents listeners from using MAC addresses to build a historyof device activity, thus increasing user privacy.

Additionally, MAC addresses are randomized as part ofWi-Fi Aware andWi-Fi RTT operations.

Implementation

To implement MAC randomization on your device:

1. Work with a Wi-Fi chip vendor to implement the following HAL methods:

   • IWifiStaIface#setMacAddress: Configures the MAC address of theinterface. The default implementation brings the interface down, changesthe MAC address, and brings the interface back up.
   • IWifiStaIface#getFactoryMacAddress: Gets the factory MAC of wlan0using an ioctl call.
   • ISupplicantP2pIface#setMacRandomization: Sets P2P MAC randomizationon/off in the supplicant.

2. Setconfig_wifi_connected_mac_randomization_supported to true in the Settings config.xml (this can be done in a devicecustom overlay).

   • This flag is used to control whether client-mode MAC randomization isenabled.

3. Setconfig_wifi_p2p_mac_randomization_supported to true in the Settings config.xml (this can be done in a devicecustom overlay).

   • This flag is used to control whether Wi-Fi direct MAC randomization isenabled.

4. Test your implementation using the methods described inValidation.

The System UI must:

• Have an option to enable or disable randomization for each SSID.
• Have MAC randomization enabled by default for all newly added networks.

Use thereference implementation of Settings UI to implement new prompts.

Devices running Android 9 or lower might not havesupport for Wi-Fi MAC randomization. When upgrading such devices to Android10, the Wi-Fi MAC randomization feature can be disabledby setting the WIFI_HIDL_FEATURE_DISABLE_AP_MAC_RANDOMIZATION flag to true inthe Wi-Fi vendor HAL make file.

Validation

To validate that the feature is working as intended, run both an integrationtest (ACTS) and a manual test.

To run an integration test, use the ACTS file,WifiMacRandomizationTest.py, located intools/test/connectivity/acts/tests/google/wifi, to verify that the device usesthe randomized MAC address and correctly stores the randomized MAC address foreach network.

To run a manual test:

1. Verify that MAC randomization is enabled on the device by checking thatconfig_wifi_connected_mac_randomization_supported is set to true in thedevice overlay.
2. Connect to a Wi-Fi network.
3. Tap the network to go to the Network details page. Verify that MACrandomization is turned on. Verify that the MAC address displayed is arandomized MAC, which has the locally generated bit set to 1 and themulticast bit set to 0.
4. Turn MAC randomization off. Connect to the same network and verifythat the factory MAC is being used.
5. Delete the network by tapping Forget on the Network details page.

6. Connect to the same network and verify that the same randomized MACaddress is being used.

   Note: Randomized MAC addresses are generated per SSID and are persistent.

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To test MAC randomization on a pre-Android 10 device(capable of supporting MAC randomization) upgrading to Android10 or higher:

1. Have at least one saved network on a device runningAndroid 9 or lower.
2. Flash the Android 10 system image.
3. In the Wi-Fi picker, verify that MAC randomization is turned off for allsaved networks.
4. Turn MAC randomization on. Connect to the same network and verifythat the randomized MAC is being used.

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